New York City Hall

Old New York City Hall
Photograph of the NY City Hall Model on display at the Federal Hall National Memorial building, 26 Wall Street, NY, NY
New York City, NY
January 11, 1785 to November 13, 1788
No Longer Standing
 26 Wall Street 
New York, NY 10005


By 1785, the capitol building housing the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) took residence, it was already 85 years old. During the era of the Articles of Confederation. Five Presidents were elected by the USCA to preside over its sessions. These leaders included  Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Nathaniel Gorham, Arthur St Clair, and Cyrus Griffin, each of whom played a significant role in guiding the nation through the challenges of its early governance under the Articles. Their leadership helped shape the legislative decisions that would ultimately lay the groundwork for the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and the establishment of a more robust federal government.

Building Background

In January 1698, a committee was appointed to assess the need for a new building for New York’s government offices. After their review, they recommended constructing a new structure at a location “opposite the upper end of Broad St.” The committee hired James Evetts to design the building, and his plans were subsequently approved by the colonial government. To fund the project, the old city hall was auctioned, excluding “the bell, the King's arms, and the iron-work belonging to the prison,”[1] which were preserved. The merchant John Hodman purchased the remaining structure for £920. Despite the sale, the cage, pillory, and stocks remained outside the old building for an additional year while the new building was under construction.

The foundation stone of the new building was ceremoniously laid in August 1699, an occasion marked by a warrant to cover the associated expenses. By March 1700, records show the Colonial Common Council had commissioned William Mumford to carve the coats of arms for the King, Colonial Governor Lord Bellamont, and Lieutenant-Governor Captain Nanfan, to fill the three reserved spaces on the front of the new City Hall.[2] Each coat of arms required a stone molding, ideally one per piece; however, if a stone large enough for the King's arms was unavailable, two stones were permissible. Mumford was given six months to complete the carvings for a payment of forty-one pounds and four shillings. The building’s construction wrapped up in late 1700 or early 1701, though the exact completion date remains unclear.

In 1703, the cage, pillory, whipping post, and stocks were moved from Coenties Slip[3] and relocated to the upper end of Broad Street, just below the new City Hall. Then in 1715, Mr. Stephen Delancey, a “liberal and wealthy merchant,” donated fifty pounds to the city, which he had earned as his salary as the city’s representative in the General Assembly. At Delancey’s suggestion, the funds were used to purchase a clock for the City Hall’s cupola. An agreement was made in 1716 with clockmaker Joseph Phillips, who crafted a clock featuring a nine-inch diameter wheel and two red cedar, painted, and gilt dial plates, each six feet square. The cost of the clock was sixty-five pounds.


First Floor of New York City Hall before it was converted into Federal Hall in 1785. Federal Hall would serve as the capitol of the United States of America from January 11, 1785 to October 6, 1788 and again after renovations for the new tripartite government from March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790.

In 1763, as New York City entered a period of rapid growth and modernization, efforts were made to enhance both public and private buildings, reflecting the city's ambitions and emerging prosperity. Among the structures set for substantial improvement was the City Hall, then over six decades old and beginning to show its age. To finance the planned renovations—expected to cost around three thousand pounds—the Common Council’s colonial committee approved an elaborate series of "alterations and ornaments." Rather than raise taxes or seek colonial funds, the Council established a public lottery, a common method of raising funds for public projects at the time, allowing citizens to indirectly contribute to the city’s development.[4]

National Collegiate Honor’s Council Partners in the Park Independence Hall Class of 2017 students at Federal Hall National Historic Park with Ranger holding the 1789 Acts of Congress opened to the 12 Amendment Joint Resolution of Congress issued September 25th, 1789. Cintly is holding an Arthur St. Clair signed Northwest Territory document, Imani is holding the First Congress Act establishing the U.S. Department of State and Rachael is holding a 1788 John Jay letter as U.S. Foreign Secretary sent to the Governor of Connecticut transmitting a treaty with France.  - For More information please visit NCHC Partners in the Park 2017  

The improvements to the City Hall were extensive and visually transformative. The building’s height was increased, and it was fitted with a copper roof sourced directly from England, adding both durability and a gleaming aesthetic to the structure. The front balcony was extended to align with the wings, creating a more balanced and impressive facade. A larger, more imposing cupola was installed, giving the building a grander silhouette and serving as a visual landmark in the city’s skyline. Additionally, a new, larger bell was added to the cupola, its resonance intended to reach a broader area than the original.[5]

These 1763 renovations were part of a broader trend of upgrades to the City Hall. Years earlier, the building’s original plans had called for a front balcony, but it was not constructed until 1718, long after the building’s initial completion.[6] In 1738, further maintenance was needed when the original cupola, described as “very rotten and in danger of falling,” required replacement. The old cupola was dismantled and rebuilt to the original specifications, restoring the structure’s integrity and preserving its iconic look.[7] By the mid-18th century, the City Hall had evolved through successive renovations into one of the most prominent and admired public buildings in New York, embodying both civic pride and the city’s colonial ambitions.


 

Second Floor of New York City Hall before it was converted into Federal Hall in 1785. Federal Hall would serve as the capitol of the United States of America from January 11, 1785 to October 6, 1788 and again after renovations for the new tripartite government from March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790.

Third Floor of New York City Hall before it was converted into Federal Hall in 1785. Federal Hall would serve as the capitol of the United States of America from January 11, 1785 to October 6, 1788 and again after renovations for the new tripartite government from March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790.

U.S. Seat of Government

In January 1785, the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) began convening on the second floor of New York’s City Hall, then serving as the seat of the U.S. government. This room had previously housed the New York Supreme Court, and although it offered an official meeting space, it was not without its inconveniences. Adjacent to Congress’s meeting chamber was a schoolroom, and “the noise of the scholars in their recitations was so annoying as to disturb the debates.” After complaints were lodged about the interruptions, the school was promptly closed to ensure the uninterrupted proceedings of Congress. [8]

This City Hall location would bear witness to some of the most significant legislative debates of the Confederation period. Here, Congress crafted and enacted the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, a landmark document that established the process for admitting new states and set precedents regarding governance and anti-slavery measures in new territories. The Ordinance shaped the nation’s westward expansion and governance model, reflecting Congress’s vision for orderly growth and republican ideals.

In addition, City Hall hosted fervent discussions surrounding the proposed Constitution of 1787. Although Congress lacked the power to modify the Constitution after it was presented by the Philadelphia Convention, the delegates engaged in rigorous debate over its provisions before voting to send it to the states for ratification, unaltered. This decision to submit the Constitution unchanged underscored both the urgency and the consensus needed to address the limitations of the Articles of Confederation. City Hall, therefore, became a pivotal location where the U.S. moved closer to establishing a more robust federal system, transitioning from a loose confederation to a union governed by the new Constitution.

Footnotes:

  1. Exclusions from the city hall sale included valuable items such as the bell, King's arms, and prison ironwork.
  2. The Colonial Common Council’s contract specified high-quality stone moldings for the coats of arms, with payment set at forty-one pounds, four shillings.
  3. Coenties Slip originally held punishment structures like the pillory and whipping post, later relocated near the City Hall for centralized governance.  
  4. Funding public projects through lotteries was a common practice in colonial America, allowing municipalities to raise large sums without levying additional taxes. (New York Colonial Archives, Common Council Minutes, 1763).
  5. The new copper roof and bell were highly valued additions, symbolizing the city’s growth and status. (Records of the Colonial Common Council, vol. 4, pp. 289–91).
  6. Although planned in the building's initial design, the balcony was delayed due to funding and logistical constraints. (New York City Building Accounts, 1718). 
  7. The 1738 cupola replacement reflects ongoing maintenance challenges for public buildings in the 18th century, given the limitations of materials and construction methods available at the time. (Architectural History of New York, Journal of Historical Preservation, vol. 22).
  8. The adjoining school’s noise issue highlights the shared nature of early public buildings, which often served multiple functions. This arrangement was typical in smaller cities and during periods when government funding for dedicated spaces was limited. (Journal of the Continental Congress, January 1785, vol. 28, pp. 146–47).

United States in Congress Assembled
Old New York City Hall Legislation


Fifth USCA: November 29, 1784
Richard Henry Lee USCA President

November 30, 1784 – Tuesday – Richard Henry Lee Elected President of Congress

  • Following the establishment of a quorum, Congress moved to elect a new president. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, a well-known statesman and advocate of independence, was elected. Lee’s experience and leadership were expected to help guide Congress through the legislative and diplomatic challenges ahead, especially as the new United States sought to navigate its post-war governance.

December 3, 1784 – Friday – Swedish Consul Registered; Troop Redeployment Ordered

  • Congress formally registered the commission of Charles Hellstedt as the Swedish consul. This marked a continuation of efforts to strengthen diplomatic ties with European powers, in this case, Sweden.
  • On the same day, Congress ordered the redeployment of troops stationed at Fort Stanwix to West Point, a key military post along the Hudson River. This decision reflected shifting military priorities as the new nation sought to secure its remaining military outposts.

December 7, 1784 – Tuesday – Redeployment Countermanded

  • Only days after ordering the redeployment of Fort Stanwix troops, Congress reversed its decision. The troops were instead ordered to move to Fort Rensselaer, another strategic location that was deemed important for securing the frontier. This highlights the fluidity of military planning during this post-war period.

December 8, 1784 – Wednesday – Massachusetts and New York Land Dispute

  • Congress received agents from Massachusetts and New York who had assembled to select judges for the resolution of their ongoing land dispute. This conflict involved overlapping territorial claims in the area that would later become western New York. The involvement of Congress in mediating such disputes was one of the key functions envisioned by the Articles of Confederation, ensuring a federal role in resolving interstate conflicts.

December 11, 1784 – Saturday – Motion to Adjourn from Trenton Rejected; Marquis de Lafayette Commended

  • A motion was introduced to adjourn Congress from Trenton, possibly due to logistical challenges, but it was rejected, signaling the members' determination to continue their work at the current location.
  • Congress also passed a resolution commending the marquis de Lafayette, a French ally who played a significant role in securing American independence. This act of recognition reflected ongoing efforts to maintain strong relations with France and honor key figures in the Revolutionary War.

December 14, 1784 – Tuesday – Election of Treasury Commissioners Postponed; Franklin’s Consular Convention Delayed

  • Congress postponed the election of new commissioners for the treasury, a critical delay given the ongoing financial difficulties the country faced. The Confederation government was struggling to manage its debts and secure adequate revenue from the states.
  • Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. Minister to France, was instructed to delay signing a consular convention with France. This postponement highlights the delicate nature of negotiations and diplomatic agreements in the post-war period, as the new government sought to carefully navigate international relations.

December 15, 1784 – Wednesday – Spain Closes the Mississippi River

  • Congress received official notification from Spain that it had closed the Mississippi River to American navigation. This was a significant blow to western settlers and traders who relied on the river for transporting goods. The closure of the river was a critical issue in U.S.-Spanish relations and underscored ongoing tensions regarding territorial boundaries and access to trade routes.

December 17, 1784 – Friday – Chaplain Elected; Decision to Appoint Minister to Spain

  • Congress elected a new chaplain, a customary practice during its sessions, reflecting the continued importance of religion in the public and political life of the time.
  • Congress also resolved to appoint a minister to Spain in response to the tensions over the Mississippi River. The appointment of a minister was an important step in addressing the diplomatic challenges with Spain, especially as American settlers moved westward and sought access to key trading routes.

December 20, 1784 – Monday – Overturning of Dual Capital Decision; Capital Buildings Appropriated

  • Congress overturned a previous decision to establish two capital locations—one on the banks of the Delaware River and one on the Potomac River. The idea of having alternating capitals was deemed impractical, likely due to logistical and political concerns.
  • Instead, Congress appropriated $100,000 for the construction of permanent capital buildings, signifying the commitment to establish a central and stable seat of government for the new nation.

December 23, 1784 – Thursday – Ordinance for Fixing Congressional Residence Adopted

  • Congress adopted an ordinance that outlined the process for selecting a permanent residence for the national government. The issue of where to locate the federal capital had been a source of ongoing debate, with various regions and states lobbying to host the seat of government. The ordinance was an attempt to bring clarity to this contentious issue.

December 24, 1784 – Friday – Judges Certified for Massachusetts-New York Land Dispute; Congress Adjourns to New York City

  • Congress officially certified the selection of judges to hear the land dispute between Massachusetts and New York. This was a crucial step in resolving the conflict over land claims in western New York, which had become a pressing issue.
  • With business for the year concluded, Congress adjourned from Trenton and announced its plan to reconvene in New York City, marking a significant move in the ongoing debate over the permanent location of the federal capital.

    USCA Journals – United States of America - 1785

    January 1785

    The January 11, 1785 – Tuesday – Congress Reconvenes

    • Congress reconvenes with five states represented, marking the beginning of the new session after its adjournment in late December 1784.

    January 13, 1785 – Thursday – Quorum Achieved

    • Seven states were represented, providing the quorum needed to conduct official business under the Articles of Confederation.

    January 18, 1785 – Tuesday – New York City Hall Offered for Use of Congress

    • Congress accepted New York City’s offer to use City Hall for its meetings, which was part of the ongoing debate about where the permanent capital of the United States should be located.

    January 20, 1785 – Thursday – Communication to the States on U.S. Credit Abroad

    • Congress sent a message to the states, alerting them to the precariousness of U.S. credit abroad, emphasizing the need for states to meet fiscal obligations to preserve the nation's international reputation.

    January 24, 1785 – Monday – Requisition Preparation for 1785 Ordered

    • Congress ordered the preparation of a requisition on the states to fund the national government for 1785.

    January 25, 1785 – Tuesday – Treasury Commissioners Elected

    • Congress elected commissioners to oversee the treasury and tabled a plan proposed by Major Pierre L'Enfant for establishing a corps of engineers.

     

    January 27, 1785 – Thursday – Secretary at War's Powers and Duties Ordinance

    • Congress adopted an ordinance that clarified the powers and duties of the Secretary at War, helping to formalize the administration of the military.

    January 31, 1785 – Monday – Decision to Appoint a Minister to Great Britain

    • Congress resolved to appoint a minister to Great Britain, a significant step in formalizing diplomatic relations between the two nations after the Revolutionary War.

    February 1785

    February 1, 1785 – Tuesday – Dutch Loan Ratified

    • Congress ratified the terms of a two-million-guilder loan from the Netherlands, providing much-needed financial support for the young nation.

    February 2, 1785 – Wednesday – Proclamation Against Counterfeiting

    • A proclamation was issued urging the states to penalize counterfeiters, a crucial step in stabilizing the nation’s currency.

    February 7, 1785 – Monday – Lease of Public Buildings to Dickinson College Approved

    • Congress approved the lease of public buildings in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to Dickinson College and ordered the relocation of the War Office, Post Office, and Treasury offices to New York.

    February 10, 1785 – Thursday – Philip Schuyler Appointed Commissioner for Federal Capital Planning

    • Philip Schuyler was appointed to oversee planning for a permanent federal capital.

    February 11, 1785 – Friday – Office for Foreign Affairs Regulations Adopted

    • Congress adopted regulations for the office of foreign affairs, conceding to the demands of Secretary John Jay, further solidifying the structure of the nation's diplomacy.

    February 18, 1785 – Friday – Limits Imposed on Terms of Ministers Abroad

    • Congress imposed limits on how long ministers could serve abroad, an effort to keep diplomatic missions within the control of the central government.

    February 21, 1785 – Monday – Commissioners to Illinois Settlements Appointed

    • Congress resolved to send commissioners to the Illinois Settlements, demonstrating a growing interest in managing western territories.

    February 24, 1785 – Thursday – John Adams Appointed Minister to Great Britain

    • John Adams was officially appointed as the U.S. minister to Great Britain, tasked with negotiating post-war issues between the two countries.

    March 1785

    March 4, 1785 – Friday – Debate on Western Land Ordinance Begins

    • Congress began debating the ordinance for managing western lands, a key issue in expanding and regulating the new territories.

    March 7, 1785 – Monday – Benjamin Franklin Authorized to Return to America

    • Congress authorized Benjamin Franklin’s return to America, recognizing his long service as the U.S. minister to France.

    March 8, 1785 – Tuesday – Henry Knox Elected Secretary at War

    • General Henry Knox, a trusted military figure from the Revolutionary War, was elected Secretary at War.

    March 10, 1785 – Thursday – Thomas Jefferson Elected Minister to France

    • Thomas Jefferson was appointed to succeed Benjamin Franklin as the U.S. minister to France, marking a key diplomatic transition.

    March 11, 1785 – Friday – Barbary States Negotiations Instructions Adopted

    • Congress adopted instructions for negotiating with the Barbary States to address the ongoing threat of piracy against American shipping.

    March 15, 1785 – Tuesday – Instructions for Southern Indian Commissioners Adopted

    • Congress approved instructions for commissioners responsible for managing relations with Native American nations in the southern territories.

    March 16, 1785 – Wednesday – Slavery Limitation Motion Rejected

    • Congress rejected a motion to limit slavery in the territories, a decision that would have long-term consequences for the nation’s expansion and political development.

    March 17, 1785 – Thursday – Claims Against U.S. Deadline Set

    • A 12-month limit was imposed for the submission of claims against the United States, streamlining the process for handling debts and financial obligations.

    March 18, 1785 – Friday – Instructions for Western Indian Commissioners Adopted

    • Instructions for commissioners handling relations with Native American nations in the western territories were adopted.

    March 21, 1785 – Monday – Southern Indian Commissioners Elected

    • Congress elected commissioners to manage relations with Native Americans in the southern regions and thanked the King of Denmark for his offer to ordain American candidates for holy orders.

    March 28, 1785 – Monday – Congress Receives Commerce Powers Report

    • Congress received a report on granting commerce powers, part of an ongoing debate about how much authority the central government should have over trade and economic policies.

    March 31, 1785 – Thursday – Secretary of Congress Ordinance Adopted

    • Congress adopted an ordinance regulating the office of the Secretary of Congress and received the report on the requisition for 1785.

    April 1785

    April 1, 1785 – Friday – Debate on Continental Military Needs Begins

    • Congress began debating the military needs of the Continental Army in light of the nation’s security concerns and financial constraints.

    April 7, 1785 – Thursday – Military Establishment of 700 Troops Authorized

    • Congress authorized a military force of 700 troops to ensure national security and maintain order in the territories.

    April 14, 1785 – Thursday – Revised Western Land Ordinance Read

    • Congress read a revised version of the western land ordinance, setting the stage for further debate on how to manage and sell the new western lands.

    April 18, 1785 – Monday – Massachusetts Cession of Western Lands Accepted

    • Congress accepted Massachusetts’ cession of its western land claims, further consolidating federal control over western territories.

    April 22-28, 1785 – Friday to Thursday – Debate on Western Land Ordinance

    • Congress engaged in extensive debate over the western land ordinance, a key piece of legislation that would shape the expansion and settlement of the western territories.

    April 29, 1785 – Friday – Appeal to States for Maintaining Representation

    • Congress issued an appeal to the states, urging them to maintain full representation in the national legislature to ensure that important business could proceed.

    May 1785

    May 2-6, 1785 – Monday to Friday – Further Debate on Western Land Ordinance

    • Congress continued to debate the western land ordinance, working to finalize the details of how western lands would be surveyed and sold.

    May 9-12, 1785 – Monday to Thursday – Quorum Fails

    • Congress was unable to achieve a quorum, with only five states represented, preventing any official business from being conducted.

    May 13, 1785 – Friday – Coinage Report Received

    • Congress received a report on the establishment of a national coinage system, a key step in developing a unified monetary policy.

    May 18-19, 1785 – Wednesday to Thursday – Western Land Ordinance Debated

    • Further debate occurred on the western land ordinance, which was a top priority as the nation expanded westward.

    May 20, 1785 – Friday – Western Land Ordinance Adopted

    • Congress formally adopted the western land ordinance, which laid the foundation for the systematic survey and sale of western lands. It also appealed to North Carolina to repeat its cession of western land claims.

    May 24, 1785 – Tuesday – Quorum Fails (Four States)

    • Once again, Congress failed to achieve a quorum, with only four states represented, preventing the continuation of business.

    May 27, 1785 – Friday – U.S. Geographer Appointment Renewed; Continental Surveyors Appointed

    • Congress renewed the appointment of the geographer of the United States and appointed 13 surveyors to oversee the implementation of the western land ordinance.

    June 1785

    June 1, 1785 – Wednesday – Court Authorized for South Carolina-Georgia Boundary Dispute

    • Congress authorized the creation of a federal court to settle the boundary dispute between South Carolina and Georgia, demonstrating the federal government’s role in resolving interstate conflicts.

    June 3, 1785 – Friday – Treaties Published from Fort Stanwix and Fort McIntosh

    • Congress published treaties that had been negotiated with Native American tribes at Fort Stanwix and Fort McIntosh, formalizing relations and territorial agreements.

    June 6, 1785 – Monday – Indian Treaty at Vincennes Authorized

    • Congress authorized negotiations for a treaty with Native American tribes at Vincennes, continuing the effort to manage relations with western tribes.

    June 7, 1785 – Tuesday – Fort Pitt Garrison Discharged

    • Congress discharged the garrison at Fort Pitt, reflecting changing military priorities in the post-war period.

    June 14, 1785 – Tuesday – Response to French Birth Announcement

    • Congress responded to France’s announcement of the birth of a second heir to the throne, reaffirming the close diplomatic relationship between the United States and France.

    June 17, 1785 – Friday – John Jay to Plan Audience for Spanish Plenipotentiary

    • Congress instructed John Jay to plan an audience for Diego de Gardoqui, the Spanish plenipotentiary, signaling ongoing diplomatic efforts with Spain.

    June 20, 1785 – Monday – Inquiry into Late Superintendent of Finance Ordered

    • Congress ordered an inquiry into the administration of the late superintendent of finance, part of ongoing efforts to manage the nation’s financial affairs.

    June 21, 1785 – Tuesday – Annual Treasury Administration Inquiry Ordered

    • Congress mandated an annual inquiry into the administration of the treasury, ensuring accountability in the nation’s financial operations.

    June 23, 1785 – Thursday – William Livingston Appointed Minister to Netherlands (Declines)

    • Congress appointed William Livingston as the minister to the Netherlands, but he declined the post, highlighting the difficulty of filling key diplomatic positions.

    June 29, 1785 – Wednesday – Virginia Asked for Military Support for Indian Commissioners

    • Congress requested Virginia provide military support for Indian commissioners as they negotiated treaties with Native American tribes.

    June 30, 1785 – Thursday – Study of Mail Transportation Ordered

    • Congress ordered a study on the transportation of mail, part of the ongoing effort to improve communication and postal services across the country.

    July 1785

    July 1, 1785 – Friday – Motion to Abolish Court of Appeals Rejected

    • Congress rejected a motion to abolish the Court of Appeals, but it terminated the salaries of the judges, indicating ongoing fiscal concerns.

    July 2, 1785 – Saturday – Diego de Gardoqui Receives Congress

    • Congress officially received the Spanish plenipotentiary, Diego de Gardoqui, furthering diplomatic efforts between the United States and Spain.

    July 4, 1785 – Monday – Independence Day Celebrated

    • Congress celebrated the nation’s Independence Day, marking the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

    July 5, 1785 – Tuesday – John Rutledge Appointed Minister to the Netherlands (Declines)

    • John Rutledge was appointed as the minister to the Netherlands, but he also declined the post, continuing the challenge of securing diplomatic personnel.

    July 6, 1785 – Wednesday – U.S. Dollar Adopted as Money Unit

    • Congress adopted the dollar as the official money unit of the United States, a significant step in establishing a national currency.

    July 11, 1785 – Monday – Rations Continued for Canadian Refugees

    • Congress resolved to continue providing rations to Canadian refugees, reflecting the ongoing responsibility for displaced persons after the war.

    July 12, 1785 – Tuesday – Post Office Report Received

    • Congress received a report on the status of the Post Office, an essential institution for communication in the growing nation.

    July 13-14, 1785 – Wednesday-Thursday – Debate on Commerce Power for Congress

    • Congress debated whether it should be granted the power to regulate commerce, a key issue in strengthening the central government’s control over trade.

    July 18, 1785 – Monday – Debate on 1785 Requisition

    • Congress resumed debate on the requisition for 1785, an ongoing effort to secure funding from the states to meet national financial obligations.

    July 20, 1785 – Wednesday – Commissary of Military Stores Abolished

    • Congress abolished the commissary of military stores, continuing its efforts to reduce expenses and streamline the military.

    July 22, 1785 – Friday – Further Debate on 1785 Requisition

    • Congress continued its debate on the 1785 requisition, reflecting the difficulty of securing adequate funding from the states.

    July 25, 1785 – Monday – Quartermaster Department Abolished

    • Congress abolished the quartermaster department, another cost-cutting measure as the nation sought to reduce its military expenditures.

    July 28-29, 1785 – Thursday-Friday – Further Debate on 1785 Requisition

    • The debate on the requisition for 1785 continued, reflecting the ongoing challenge of securing state contributions to the national budget.

    August 1785

    August 1-3, 1785 – Monday-Wednesday – Requisition Debate Continues

    • The discussion on the 1785 requisition persisted as Congress sought to finalize its financial plans.

    August 5, 1785 – Friday – Treasurer’s Office Relocated to New York

    • Congress ordered the relocation of the treasurer’s office to New York City by October 1, continuing the consolidation of government functions in one location.

    August 10-13, 1785 – Wednesday-Saturday – Congress in Recess

    • Congress went into recess, taking a break from legislative business.

    August 15, 1785 – Monday – Thanks to King of Spain

    • Congress officially thanked the King of Spain for sending Diego de Gardoqui as a diplomatic envoy, reinforcing the importance of Spanish relations.

    August 17, 1785 – Wednesday – Samuel Holten Appointed Acting Chairman

    • With President Richard Henry Lee absent for health reasons, Samuel Holten was appointed as acting chairman through September 29.

    August 18, 1785 – Thursday – Massachusetts Governor Bowdoin’s Conduct Endorsed

    • Congress endorsed the conduct of Massachusetts Governor James Bowdoin in his controversy with British naval Captain Henry Stanhope.

    August 25, 1785 – Thursday – John Jay Given Greater Authority in Spanish Negotiations

    • Congress granted John Jay additional latitude in his negotiations with Diego de Gardoqui, particularly in discussions over the Mississippi River and trade.

    August 29, 1785 – Monday – Committee of the Week Abolished

    • Congress abolished the committee of the week, transferring its duties to the Secretary of Congress to streamline the legislative process.

    September 1785

    September 2-3, 1785 – Friday-Saturday – Quorum Fails

    • Congress failed to achieve a quorum, with only five states represented on September 2 and two states on September 3.

    September 5, 1785 – Monday – John Jay Report on British Occupation of Northwest Posts

    • Congress received a report from John Jay on the continued British occupation of northwest posts, an ongoing source of tension between the U.S. and Britain.

    September 7, 1785 – Wednesday – John Jay Authorized to Inspect Mails

    • Congress authorized John Jay to inspect the mails when deemed necessary for the safety or interest of the United States and approved the conveyance of mails by stage carriages.

    September 13-17, 1785 – Tuesday-Saturday – Debate on 1785 Requisition

    • Congress resumed debate on the requisition for 1785, as the need for state contributions to the national budget remained pressing.

    September 19-21, 1785 – Monday-Wednesday – Connecticut Settlers’ Appeal Debated

    • Congress debated an appeal by Connecticut settlers in the Wyoming Valley, part of an ongoing land dispute with Pennsylvania.

    September 22-26, 1785 – Thursday-Monday – Further Debate on 1785 Requisition

    • The requisition for 1785 continued to dominate the discussion as Congress worked to finalize its financial plans.

    September 27, 1785 – Tuesday – 1785 Requisition Adopted

    • After months of debate, Congress finally adopted the requisition for 1785, formalizing the contributions required from the states to fund the national government.

    September 29, 1785 – Thursday – Commission Authorized for Massachusetts-New York Boundary

    • Congress authorized a commission to settle the eastern boundary dispute between Massachusetts and New York.

    October 1785

    October 5, 1785 – Wednesday – Postmaster General Ordered to Extend Postal System

    • Congress directed the Postmaster General to extend the system of posts, reflecting the ongoing expansion of communication networks in the new nation.

    October 7, 1785 – Friday – Western Separatism Threat Debated

    • Congress debated the growing threat of western separatism, as settlers in the western territories expressed dissatisfaction with their treatment by the eastern states.

    October 12, 1785 – Wednesday – Troops Authorized for Western Indian Negotiations

    • Congress authorized the deployment of troops to attend the negotiations with western Native American nations and exhorted the states to meet their fiscal quotas.

    October 17-18, 1785 – Monday-Tuesday – Death of Samuel Hardy Mourned

    • Congress mourned the death of Samuel Hardy, a 27-year-old Virginia delegate who had served with distinction in the Continental Congress.

    October 20, 1785 – Thursday – Report on Barbary States Naval Threat Received

    • Congress received a report from John Jay on the growing naval threat posed by the Barbary States, a persistent problem for American shipping in the Mediterranean.

    October 21-22, 1785 – Friday-Saturday – Quorum Fails

    • Congress failed to achieve a quorum, with six states represented on October 21 and only one state present on October 22.

    October 25, 1785 – Tuesday – Quorum Fails Again

    • Once again, Congress failed to achieve a quorum, with only four states represented.

    October 27, 1785 – Thursday – Proposal to Create Consular Establishment Rejected

    • Congress rejected a proposal to create a consular establishment, choosing instead to confer consular powers on ministers abroad.

    October 28, 1785 – Friday – Consular Powers Conferred on Ministers Abroad

    • Congress formally conferred consular powers on American ministers stationed abroad, part of its effort to improve diplomatic and trade relations.

    November 1785

    November 2, 1785 – Wednesday – Massachusetts-New York Land Claim Court Postponed

    • Congress postponed the convening of a federal court to determine the disputed western land claims between Massachusetts and New York.

    November 4, 1785 – Friday – Congressional Session Expires

    • The session of Congress expired, concluding the legislative business for the year until the next session convened.

    November 7, 1785 – Monday – Congress Convenes in New York City (Fails to Achieve Quorum)

    • Congress reconvened at New York City, but with only three states represented, it failed to achieve the quorum required by the Articles of Confederation to conduct official business. This reflected the ongoing challenge of maintaining consistent representation and attendance from the states.



      Sixth USCA: November 23, 1785
      John Hancock        USCA President

      November 23, 1785 – Wednesday – Quorum Achieved, John Hancock Elected President

      • After a delay of more than two weeks, Congress finally achieved a quorum with seven states represented. In the absence of John Hancock, who was elected president of Congress in absentia, David Ramsay was appointed as chairman to preside over the session. Hancock's election reflected his stature, but his absence would prove to be a recurring issue.

      November 24, 1785 – Thursday – Congressional Chaplains Elected

      • Congress elected two chaplains to serve during the session, a customary practice to provide religious services and invocations during congressional proceedings. The chaplains played a symbolic role in grounding Congress’s proceedings in a sense of moral and religious duty.

      November 25, 1785 – Friday – Report on British Consul John Temple Received

      • Congress received a report concerning John Temple, the British consul stationed in the United States. Temple had been a controversial figure, particularly because of lingering distrust towards Britain following the Revolutionary War. His role as consul required delicate diplomacy between the United States and Britain, as relations were still fragile.

      November 28-29, 1785 – Monday-Tuesday – Congress Fails to Achieve Quorum Again

      • Despite having achieved a quorum just days earlier, Congress again failed to maintain the necessary representation to conduct business on both November 28 and 29, highlighting the persistent difficulties with state attendance and engagement.

      December 1785

      December 2, 1785 – Friday – John Temple Recognized as British Consul

      • After receiving the necessary reports and deliberating, Congress formally recognized John Temple as the British consul to the United States. This marked a significant step in stabilizing diplomatic relations between the two nations, although tensions and skepticism towards Britain remained high among some American leaders.

      December 5-26, 1785 – Monday-Monday – Congress Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For much of December, Congress was again unable to maintain a quorum, with no official business conducted during this period. The lack of a quorum underscored the structural issues within the Articles of Confederation, where the lack of a centralized authority made it difficult to compel states to send and maintain delegations consistently.

      December 27, 1785 – Tuesday – Secretary at War Reports Received

      • Congress reconvened briefly on December 27 and received reports from the Secretary at War. These reports likely dealt with military affairs, including the management of forts and relations with Native American tribes, as the new nation still faced security concerns on its frontiers.


      John Hancock's N.Y. Residency listed in Franks, David C. , The New-York Directory, New York 1786

      USCA Journals – United States of America - 1786

      January 1786

      January 2, 1786 – Monday – Receives British Complaint on Loyalists

      • Congress received a formal complaint from Britain regarding the treatment of loyalists in the United States. The issue of how to handle loyalists had remained contentious since the end of the Revolutionary War, as many had been ostracized or faced property confiscations.

      January 4, 1786 – Wednesday – Receives Reports on States' Fiscal Response

      • Congress was presented with reports detailing the states' responses to prior congressional appeals for authority to raise revenue and regulate trade. This highlighted the ongoing struggle for financial stability and centralized control under the Articles of Confederation.

      January 5, 1786 – Thursday – Report on Algerian Capture of American Seamen

      • A report was submitted detailing the capture of American seamen by Algerian pirates. This marked another instance of the young nation's challenges in protecting its citizens and engaging in international diplomacy without a strong navy or the power to levy taxes to fund one.

      January 12, 1786 – Thursday – Receives Report on Continental Accounts

      • A report on the settlement of the Continental Army's accounts was presented, addressing concerns about fiscal responsibility and ongoing issues of soldier compensation.

      January 18, 1786 – Wednesday – Refers Connecticut Cession to Committee

      • The Connecticut land cession, where the state was expected to relinquish its western land claims, was referred to a committee for further deliberation. This was part of an effort to resolve disputes over western land claims and use the land for federal purposes.

      January 19, 1786 – Thursday – Orders Report on 1786 Fiscal Estimates

      • Congress requested a detailed report on the fiscal estimates for 1786, recognizing the importance of establishing a budget amid ongoing financial difficulties.

      January 27, 1786 – Friday – Samuel Shaw Elected Consul to Canton

      • Samuel Shaw was elected as the first American consul to Canton, China, reflecting the United States' growing interest in international trade, particularly with East Asia.

      January 30, 1786 – Monday – Appeals to Unrepresented States

      • Congress made a formal appeal to six states that had not sent delegates to the session, urging them to do so in order to maintain quorum and ensure that federal matters could be addressed efficiently.

      February 1786

      February 1, 1786 – Wednesday – Secrecy Lifted on Barbary Powers Correspondence

      • The injunction of secrecy was removed from correspondence regarding the appointment of commissioners to negotiate with the Barbary powers, part of an effort to address the ongoing issue of piracy in the Mediterranean.

      February 3, 1786 – Friday – Debates States' Fiscal Responses

      • Congress debated the various fiscal responses from the states, highlighting the difficulties in securing adequate financial support from the states under the Articles of Confederation.

      February 8, 1786 – Wednesday – Report on French Loan Interest

      • A report was presented on the interest payments required for a loan secured from France during the Revolutionary War. These loans were a major financial burden for the fledgling nation.

      February 9, 1786 – Thursday – Justifies Abolishing Court of Appeals Judges' Salaries

      • Congress justified its decision to abolish the salaries of the judges on the Court of Appeals, citing fiscal austerity measures. The court had become less active following the resolution of many wartime legal disputes.

      February 16-24, 1786 – Thursday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For over a week, Congress failed to achieve quorum, once again demonstrating the inefficiencies and challenges in governance under the Articles of Confederation.

      February 25, 1786 – Saturday – Receives Reports on Postal Plan and Fiscal Estimates

      • Reports were submitted on a proposed postal plan in cooperation with France, as well as on the fiscal estimates for the year, highlighting Congress's focus on establishing efficient postal and financial systems.



      USCA Delegates and Bureaucrats listed in Franks, David C. , The New-York Directory, New York 1786, pages 53 & 54


      March 1786

      March 3, 1786 – Friday – Repeats Call for Trade Regulation

      • Congress renewed its call for the states to grant it the authority to regulate trade, recognizing that individual states' trade policies were harming the overall economic stability of the nation.

      March 7, 1786 – Tuesday – Appoints Committee on New Jersey Fiscal Refusal

      • A committee was appointed to meet with the New Jersey Assembly, which had refused to comply with the 1786 Continental requisition. This was part of a broader issue where many states were not contributing their required financial support to Congress.

      March 10, 1786 – Friday – Rejects New York Appeal for Extension of Claims Period

      • Congress rejected an appeal from New York to extend the time allowed for state citizens to submit Continental claims, reflecting Congress’s need to adhere to strict deadlines.

      March 14, 1786 – Tuesday – Clarifies Oaths for Continental Officeholders

      • Congress clarified the form of oaths that would be required for those holding Continental offices, ensuring that all officers were held to a uniform standard of loyalty and duty.

      March 17-18, 1786 – Friday-Saturday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Once again, Congress failed to achieve a quorum, stalling legislative progress.

      March 21, 1786 – Tuesday – Receives Report on Military Court-Martial Punishments

      • A report was presented on the use of capital punishment in military courts-martial, reflecting Congress’s attention to military discipline and justice.

      March 22, 1786 – Wednesday – New Jersey Reverses Opposition to Requisition

      • It was reported that New Jersey had reversed its opposition to the 1786 Continental requisition, marking a victory for Congress in its efforts to secure financial support from the states.

      March 24, 1786 – Friday – Appoints Commissioner for Settling Department Accounts

      • Congress appointed a single commissioner to consolidate the settlement of accounts for the five great departments: the clothier, commissary, hospital, marine, and quartermaster departments.

      March 27, 1786 – Monday – Orders Arrest of Maj. John Wyllis

      • Major John Wyllis was ordered to be arrested for his role in the execution of army deserters, indicating Congress's concern with maintaining proper military justice procedures.

      March 29, 1786 – Wednesday – Foreign Affairs Report on British Frontier Posts

      • The Secretary of Foreign Affairs was directed to provide a report on the ongoing negotiations with Britain regarding their evacuation of frontier posts, an unresolved issue from the Treaty of Paris (1783).

      April 1786

      April 5, 1786 – Wednesday – Report on Barbary Negotiations

      • Congress received a report detailing negotiations and other measures being considered to deal with the Barbary powers, who were continuing to capture American ships and sailors in the Mediterranean. This reflected the ongoing challenge the U.S. faced without a strong navy.

      April 10, 1786 – Monday – Connecticut Land Cession

      • A report was presented concerning Connecticut’s land cession, part of the ongoing process of resolving state land claims in the western territories. This was critical for organizing the newly acquired western lands and establishing federal control.

      April 12, 1786 – Wednesday – Treasury Report on Coinage

      • The Board of Treasury submitted a report on the development of a standardized system of coinage. This was a key step in establishing a stable national currency, which was necessary to stabilize the economy.

      April 19, 1786 – Wednesday – Rejects Massachusetts Request

      • Congress rejected a request from Massachusetts for Continental ordnance, reflecting the tensions between states and the central government over the distribution of military supplies and resources.

      April 27, 1786 – Thursday – French Decree on Fisheries Bounties

      • Congress received and translated a French decree on fisheries bounties, which likely impacted American fisheries and trade, further highlighting the importance of U.S.-French relations in trade matters.

      May 1786

      May 2, 1786 – Tuesday – Audience with Cornplanter

      • Cornplanter, a chief of the Seneca tribe, and other Seneca leaders met with Congress to discuss the situation of the Seneca and other Iroquois nations, highlighting the ongoing diplomatic efforts with Native American tribes.

      May 5, 1786 – Friday – Second Audience with Seneca Chiefs

      • A second audience was held with Cornplanter and the Seneca delegation, likely continuing discussions on territorial disputes and peace agreements between the U.S. government and Native American tribes.

      May 6, 1786 – Saturday – Quorum Not Met

      • Congress failed to achieve quorum, stalling legislative action. This continued to be a recurring issue under the Articles of Confederation, hindering Congress's ability to address pressing national concerns.

      May 8, 1786 – Monday – Appointment of Second Commissioner

      • A second commissioner was appointed to assist in the settlement of accounts for the five major departments: clothier, commissary, hospital, marine, and quartermaster, ensuring greater oversight of military-related finances.

      May 9, 1786 – Tuesday – Western Territory Survey

      • The Continental Geographer was directed to continue the survey of the western territory, a vital step in organizing the land for settlement and federal control under the Northwest Ordinance.

      May 11, 1786 – Thursday – Debates Connecticut Cession

      • Congress began debating the specifics of Connecticut's cession of its western lands, a critical issue in resolving state claims and organizing federal land in the west.

      May 12, 1786 – Friday – Declares Navigable Waters Free

      • Congress declared that all navigable waters within the territories would be "forever free" to inhabitants and U.S. citizens, ensuring that the federal government maintained control over these crucial waterways for commerce and transportation.

      May 15, 1786 – Monday – Nathaniel Gorham Elected Chairman

      • Nathaniel Gorham was elected as chairman of Congress, succeeding David Ramsay. As chairman, Gorham presided over the session in the absence of John Hancock, who had resigned.

      May 17, 1786 – Wednesday – Ratifies Prussian-American Treaty

      • Congress ratified the Prussian-American treaty of commerce, marking another important step in securing international trade agreements for the United States.

      May 18, 1786 – Thursday – Georgia-South Carolina Boundary Dispute

      • The decision on the boundary dispute between Georgia and South Carolina was postponed to September, reflecting ongoing interstate territorial conflicts.

      May 22-25, 1786 – Monday-Thursday – Debates Connecticut Cession

      • Congress continued to debate the terms and conditions of Connecticut's cession of its western land claims, a key issue in organizing federal land.

      May 26, 1786 – Friday – Conditional Acceptance of Connecticut Cession

      • Congress declared its conditional acceptance of Connecticut’s land cession, paving the way for further organization and settlement of western lands.

      May 29, 1786 – Monday – Quorum Not Met

      • Congress failed to achieve quorum once again, stalling further legislative actions.

      May 31, 1786 – Wednesday – Amends Rules to War

      • Congress amended the rules governing the conduct of war and received a request from John Jay for a committee to meet with him concerning ongoing negotiations with Diego de Gardoqui, Spain’s representative.

      June 1786

      June 5, 1786 – Monday – John Hancock Resigns

      • John Hancock formally resigned as President of Congress, and Congress received a report on the state of the military establishment.

      Nathaniel Gorham, USCA President

      June 6, 1786 – Tuesday – Nathaniel Gorham Elected President

      • Nathaniel Gorham, previously serving as chairman, was formally elected President of Congress following Hancock’s resignation.

      June 13-14, 1786 – Tuesday-Wednesday – Quorum Not Met

      • Once again, Congress failed to meet quorum, delaying progress on key issues.

      June 15, 1786 – Thursday – Reports on Indian Hostilities

      • Congress received reports on the possibility of hostilities with Native American tribes and on the state of Continental arsenals and military supplies, reflecting concerns over frontier defense.

      June 16, 1786 – Friday – Indian Commissioners' Report

      • Indian commissioners were ordered to provide a detailed report on the likelihood of hostilities with Native American tribes in the western territories.

      June 19-20, 1786 – Monday-Tuesday – Quorum Not Met

      • No quorum was achieved, continuing the trend of inactivity due to poor delegate attendance.

      June 21, 1786 – Wednesday – Post Office Ban on Paper Money

      • Congress banned the acceptance of paper money by post offices, reflecting ongoing concerns about the instability of paper currency.

      June 22, 1786 – Thursday – Troop Reinforcements Ordered

      • Troop reinforcements were ordered to the "rapids of the Ohio" to bolster defenses in the western territories amid rising concerns about Native American hostilities.

      June 27, 1786 – Tuesday – Court of Appeals Judges to Reconvene

      • Congress directed the judges of the Court of Appeals to reconvene on November 6, and reinstated their salaries on a per diem basis to ensure that their work would continue.

      June 28, 1786 – Wednesday – Draft Ordinance for Indian Department

      • Congress received a draft ordinance aimed at organizing the Indian department, part of ongoing efforts to regulate relations with Native American tribes.

      June 30, 1786 – Friday – Responds to Virginia Appeal

      • In response to an appeal from Virginia for protection against Native American threats in the west, Congress began considering measures to assist the state.

      July 4, 1786 – Tuesday – Independence Day Celebration

      • Congress celebrated the tenth anniversary of American independence with ceremonies and events.

      July 7, 1786 – Friday – Request for Revision of Virginia Cession

      • Congress requested that Virginia revise its land cession to allow for the creation of "not more than five nor less than three" states from the northwest territory, a key issue in organizing the new territories.

      July 12, 1786 – Wednesday – Indian Treaty Commissions Revoked

      • The commissions of those appointed to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes were revoked, marking a shift in Congress’s approach to relations with the tribes.

      July 13, 1786 – Thursday – Territorial Government Plan Recommitted

      • The draft plan for governing the western territories was recommitted for further revision, reflecting ongoing debates over how to structure governance in the new territories.

      July 21, 1786 – Friday – Indian Affairs Ordinance Debated

      • Congress debated the Indian affairs ordinance, which aimed to organize and regulate relations with Native American tribes.

      July 24, 1786 – Monday – Second Reading of Indian Affairs Ordinance

      • Congress ordered a second reading of the Indian affairs ordinance, moving closer to finalizing this key piece of legislation.

      July 27, 1786 – Thursday – New York Impost Act Revision Sought

      • Congress sought revisions to New York’s act authorizing the Continental impost, a key revenue-raising measure.

      August 1786

      August 1, 1786 – Tuesday – Arsenals and Ordnance Report

      • A report on Continental arsenals and military ordnance was presented to Congress, reflecting ongoing concerns about military preparedness.

      August 2, 1786 – Wednesday – 1786 Requisition Adopted

      • Congress adopted the 1786 requisition, setting the financial contributions expected from each state for the year.

      August 3, 1786 – Thursday – West Point Purchase Authorized

      • Congress authorized the purchase of West Point, an important military stronghold. They also conferred with the Secretary for Foreign Affairs regarding negotiations with Spain.

      August 7, 1786 – Monday – Indian Affairs Ordinance Adopted

      • The Indian affairs ordinance was formally adopted, marking a significant step in regulating relations with Native American tribes.

      August 8, 1786 – Tuesday – Coinage Standards Adopted

      • Congress adopted new standards for coinage and ordered the Board of Treasury to prepare an ordinance for the establishment of a national mint.

      August 9, 1786 – Wednesday – Appeal for Southern Land Cessions

      • Congress made an appeal to North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to cede their western lands to the federal government.

      August 10, 1786 – Thursday – John Jay’s Spanish Treaty Instructions

      • Congress began debating the instructions for John Jay’s negotiations with Spain, particularly concerning the navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

      August 14, 1786 – Monday – Pennsylvania Impost Act Revision

      • A committee was appointed to meet with the Pennsylvania Assembly to discuss revisions to their act authorizing the Continental impost.

      August 16-23, 1786 – Wednesday-Wednesday – Debates on Jay’s Spanish Treaty Instructions

      • Congress continued to debate John Jay’s instructions for negotiating the Spanish treaty, which had become a major point of contention due to conflicting national interests.

      August 24, 1786 – Thursday – Relief for Moravian Indians Ordered

      • Congress ordered relief measures for displaced Moravian Indians, reflecting the humanitarian concerns related to Native American displacement during this period.

      August 28, 1786 – Monday – Debates on Jay’s Negotiating Instructions

      • Debates over John Jay’s instructions for negotiating with Spain continued, with no resolution in sight.

      August 29, 1786 – Tuesday – Repeal of Jay’s Instructions Contested

      • By a seven-to-five vote, Congress repealed John Jay’s negotiating instructions, though the decision was contested on the grounds that a nine-vote majority was constitutionally required.

      August 30-31, 1786 – Wednesday-Thursday – Further Debates on Repeal of Jay’s Instructions

      • Congress continued to debate the controversial repeal of John Jay’s instructions, underscoring the deep divisions within the government over foreign policy and western expansion.

      September 1786

      September 1-2, 1786 – Friday-Saturday – Debates on John Jay’s Negotiating Instructions

      • Congress resumed its debate on the repeal of John Jay's instructions for negotiating a treaty with Spain. These negotiations were contentious because they involved critical issues like navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Some members favored a compromise with Spain, while others believed such a concession would hurt western expansion and the new nation's sovereignty.

      September 4, 1786 – Monday – South Carolina-Georgia Boundary Dispute

      • Congress convened agents to appoint a court that would hear the boundary dispute between South Carolina and Georgia. This was a significant interstate conflict, typical of the territorial disagreements during the early years of the republic.

      September 5, 1786 – Tuesday – Settlement of Pennsylvania Fiscal Claim

      • Congress authorized the settlement of a fiscal claim made by Pennsylvania, marking an effort to resolve financial disputes and maintain harmony between the states.

      September 11, 1786 – Monday – South Carolina Appeals for Congressional Intervention

      • South Carolina formally appealed to Congress to intervene in its boundary dispute with Georgia. This reflected the persistent interstate territorial tensions and the need for federal arbitration under the Articles of Confederation.

      September 12, 1786 – Tuesday – John Jay's Consular Convention Report

      • Congress received a report from Secretary for Foreign Affairs John Jay concerning the consular convention with France. This report dealt with the regulation of consular activities between the two nations and highlighted the importance of formalizing diplomatic and trade relations with European powers.

      September 13, 1786 – Wednesday – Judges Selected for South Carolina-Georgia Boundary Dispute

      • Judges were selected to hear the boundary dispute between South Carolina and Georgia. This step was essential in providing a legal resolution to the territorial disagreement.

      September 14, 1786 – Thursday – Connecticut Land Cession Accepted

      • Congress accepted Connecticut’s land cession. This was part of the broader movement by several states to cede their western land claims to the federal government, which was critical for organizing the newly acquired territories and ensuring federal authority.

      September 18, 1786 – Monday – Continental Requisitions in Paper Money Barred

      • Congress decided to bar the payment of Continental requisitions in paper money, reflecting the distrust of paper currency, which was subject to significant inflation and instability during this period. This decision reinforced the push for a more stable monetary system based on specie (gold and silver).

      September 20, 1786 – Wednesday – Report on Annapolis Convention

      • Congress received the report from the Annapolis Convention, where delegates from several states had gathered to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation, particularly in regard to trade and commerce. The convention ultimately called for a broader Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia the following year.
      • Congress also ordered postmasters to accept only specie (gold and silver) for payment of postage, further rejecting the use of unstable paper currency.

      September 25, 1786 – Monday – Report on Pennsylvania Assembly Conference

      • Congress received a report on the conference between its committee and the Pennsylvania Assembly regarding the state's compliance with Congressional requisitions. This reflected ongoing financial struggles and disputes between the national government and individual states.

      September 28, 1786 – Thursday – Continued Debates on John Jay's Instructions

      • The debate over John Jay’s instructions for negotiating with Spain continued. The issue remained unresolved as Congress was deeply divided on whether to concede navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

      September 29, 1786 – Friday – Territorial Government Ordinance Debates

      • Congress debated an ordinance for the government of the western territories. This was a precursor to the eventual Northwest Ordinance, which would be crucial for the organized settlement and governance of the territories west of the Appalachian Mountains.

      October 1786

      October 3, 1786 – Tuesday – Thomas Jefferson’s Instructions on French Consular Convention

      • Congress provided instructions to Thomas Jefferson, the U.S. minister to France, regarding the renegotiation of the consular convention with France. These instructions aimed to clarify and improve the agreement regulating consular activities between the two nations.

      October 4, 1786 – Wednesday – Northwest Ordinance Debates

      • The debates over the Northwest Ordinance continued, as Congress worked to finalize a plan for governing the territories. The Northwest Ordinance would later become one of the most significant pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation.

      October 6, 1786 – Friday – James White Elected Indian Superintendent

      • Congress elected James White as the superintendent of Indian affairs for the southern region. This role was vital in managing relations with Native American tribes and negotiating treaties as settlers expanded into their lands.

      October 10, 1786 – Tuesday – Indian Superintendent’s Instructions

      • James White was instructed to confer with the southern states regarding relations with Native American tribes, further illustrating the complexities of frontier expansion and Native American diplomacy.

      October 13, 1786 – Friday – Continental Accounts and British Evacuation

      • Congress adopted an ordinance for the settlement of the states' Continental accounts and received a report concerning the British response to U.S. requests for the evacuation of frontier posts. The British had been reluctant to abandon certain forts, which created ongoing tensions between the two nations.

      October 16, 1786 – Monday – Establishment of a Mint

      • Congress adopted an ordinance for establishing a mint, a crucial step toward creating a stable and uniform national currency. This measure was intended to strengthen the economy and replace the chaotic system of state-issued paper money.

      October 18, 1786 – Wednesday – Report on Shays’ Rebellion

      • Congress received a report from the secretary at war regarding Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts. The uprising, driven by economic hardship and government debt, highlighted the weaknesses of the national government under the Articles of Confederation in maintaining internal order.

      October 21, 1786 – Saturday – Military Expansion in Response to Shays’ Rebellion

      • Congress voted to increase the size of the military establishment. Although the official reason was Indian defense, the decision was influenced by concerns over Shays’ Rebellion and the broader unrest in Massachusetts.

      October 23, 1786 – Monday – Trade Regulation and Mail Inspection

      • Congress issued a new appeal to the states for the authority to regulate trade, a long-standing issue that the Articles of Confederation failed to adequately address. Additionally, Congress authorized the secretary for foreign affairs to inspect the mail for reasons of national security, though members of Congress were exempted from this surveillance.

      October 26, 1786 – Thursday – Postal Service Inquiry

      • Congress ordered an inquiry into the functioning of the postal service, reflecting the challenges in maintaining communication across the vast new nation.

      October 30, 1786 – Monday – Rhode Island Interest Suspension

      • Congress authorized the suspension of interest credits on debts held by Rhode Island as a form of retaliation for the state's use of paper money, which had caused financial instability.

      November 1786

      November 1-2, 1786 – Wednesday-Thursday – Postal Reform Debates

      • Congress debated proposals for reforming the postal system to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

      November 3, 1786 – Friday – Adjournment

      • Congress adjourned, referring the matters still before them to the new Congress, which was scheduled to convene on the following Monday.

      November 6-December 31, 1786 – New Congress Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • The new Congress, set to convene under the Articles of Confederation, failed to achieve quorum for the remainder of 1786. This reflected the ongoing governance crisis and the challenges of maintaining effective national leadership under the Articles.


      USCA Journals – United States of America - 1787

      January 1787

      January 1-16, 1787 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For the first half of January, Congress was unable to conduct business as it failed to meet the quorum requirements set by the Articles of Confederation. This period highlighted the ongoing difficulty of gathering enough representatives to carry out federal legislative duties.

      January 17, 1787 – Wednesday – Achieves Quorum, Seven States Represented

      • Congress finally achieved a quorum, with seven states represented, allowing them to officially conduct business.

      January 18-31, 1787 – Thursday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Following the brief success of gathering enough delegates on January 17, Congress again struggled to maintain a quorum, stalling any further legislative actions for the rest of the month.

      February 1787


      Seventh USCA: February 2, 1787
      Arthur St. Clair       USCA President

      February 2, 1787 – Friday – Elects Arthur St. Clair as President

      • After failing to conduct business for the previous few weeks, Congress elected Arthur St. Clair as the new president of Congress, along with Samuel Provost and John Rodgers as chaplains, marking a new phase of leadership.

      February 3, 1787 – Saturday – Reads Correspondence

      • Congress resumed the reading of important correspondence that had been accumulating since early November 1786, enabling the body to catch up on official communications.

      February 5, 1787 – Monday – Orders Fiscal Report

      • A report was ordered on the fiscal estimates for 1787, a necessary step for planning the federal budget and determining how to meet the government’s financial obligations.

      February 6-9, 1787 – Tuesday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Once again, Congress was unable to achieve quorum, demonstrating the persistent challenges of maintaining effective representation under the Articles of Confederation.

      February 12, 1787 – Monday – Committee on Qualifications

      • Congress adopted the report of the committee on qualifications, ensuring that the credentials of delegates were in order. Accumulated reports from the Treasury and War Office were also read, addressing ongoing financial and military matters.

      February 14, 1787 – Wednesday – Nine States Represented

      • For the first time in a long while, nine states were represented, allowing Congress to make significant progress. The draft ordinance for the Post Office was read, and key issues were debated.

      February 15, 1787 – Thursday – Mail Delivery Contracts

      • Congress authorized the postmaster general to contract for mail delivery services, an important step in improving communication throughout the new nation.

      February 19, 1787 – Monday – Lambert Cadwalader Elected Chairman

      • With President St. Clair absent, Lambert Cadwalader was elected chairman to ensure the continuity of Congress’s operations.

      February 21, 1787 – Wednesday – Call for Philadelphia Convention

      • Congress received the report on the Annapolis Convention, which had met the previous year to discuss interstate commerce. Congress responded by resolving to call for a Philadelphia convention to "render the federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union." This would set the stage for the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

      February 22-23, 1787 – Thursday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Despite the progress made earlier in the month, Congress again struggled to gather enough delegates to continue its work.

      February 26, 1787 – Monday – Virginia Call for Interstate Commercial Convention

      • Congress received a formal call from Virginia for an interstate commercial convention, reflecting the states' desire for federal reform regarding commerce and trade regulation.

      March 1787

      March 5-7, 1787 – Monday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • The struggle to maintain quorum continued into March, delaying important decisions.

      March 8, 1787 – Thursday – Reaffirms Specie Requirement

      • Congress reaffirmed its decision that payments of state quotas to the federal government must be made in specie (gold and silver), a reflection of the economic instability and distrust of paper money.

      March 9, 1787 – Friday – Shays' Rebellion and Western Posts

      • Congress received a report from Massachusetts on the ongoing Shays' Rebellion and adopted a report concerning the Western posts, underscoring both domestic unrest and ongoing issues with British occupation of American frontier forts.

      March 13, 1787 – Tuesday – Military Stores and Commercial Agent in Lisbon

      • Congress received a report on military stores and authorized the appointment of an unsalaried commercial agent in Lisbon, demonstrating continued efforts to secure international trade partnerships.

      March 23, 1787 – Friday – Reduces Continental Civil List

      • In an effort to reduce costs, Congress adopted a measure to reduce the Continental civil list, cutting down on government personnel and expenses.

      March 28, 1787 – Wednesday – Debates Continental Property

      • Congress debated motions regarding the loan or sale of Continental property as part of ongoing discussions on how to manage national assets and raise revenue.

      March 30, 1787 – Friday – Seizure of American Property at Natchez

      • Congress received a report on the seizure of American property at Natchez by Spanish forces, reflecting ongoing tensions over territorial control in the Mississippi River region.

      April 1787

      April 2, 1787 – Monday – 1787 Fiscal Estimates

      • The fiscal estimates for 1787 were submitted, giving Congress a clearer picture of the nation’s financial situation.

      April 4, 1787 – Wednesday – Spanish Negotiations

      • John Jay was ordered to report on the ongoing negotiations with Spain, particularly concerning issues like navigation rights on the Mississippi River, which was critical for western expansion and trade.

      April 5, 1787 – Thursday – Land Sales Plan

      • Congress received a report on a plan for land sales, an essential component of federal revenue generation, particularly in light of the recent land cessions by states.

      April 9, 1787 – Monday – Troops Discharged Post-Shays’ Rebellion

      • Congress ordered the discharge of troops enlisted to suppress Shays’ Rebellion, except for two artillery companies, signaling the end of the federal government’s response to the crisis in Massachusetts.

      April 10, 1787 – Tuesday – Federal Capital Location Debate

      • Congress debated the location of the federal capital, a contentious issue that would continue for years as various states vied for the prestige and economic benefits of hosting the seat of government.

      April 13, 1787 – Friday – Repeal of State Acts Repugnant to Treaty of Peace

      • Congress adopted a letter to the states recommending the repeal of all state laws that were repugnant to the treaty of peace with Britain, emphasizing the importance of adhering to international agreements.

      April 16-17, 1787 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress again failed to achieve quorum, delaying further legislative action.

      April 18, 1787 – Wednesday – Debates Commissioner to Spain

      • Congress debated the possibility of sending a commissioner to Spain to resolve ongoing disputes over the Mississippi River and other territorial issues.

      April 20, 1787 – Friday – Reports on Spain and Copper Coinage

      • John Jay submitted another report on the negotiations with Spain, and Congress also received a committee report on the copper coinage, highlighting ongoing efforts to stabilize the national currency.

      April 21, 1787 – Saturday – Copper Coinage and Western Land Sales

      • Congress adopted the plan for copper coinage and a plan for the sale of western lands, crucial steps in stabilizing the nation’s economy and encouraging settlement in the new territories.

      April 23, 1787 – Monday – Franking Privilege for Convention Delegates

      • Congress extended franking privileges (the right to send mail without paying postage) to delegates attending the Philadelphia Convention, showing federal support for the upcoming Constitutional Convention.

      April 24, 1787 – Tuesday – Recapture of Fort Vincennes

      • Congress ordered the recapture of Fort Vincennes, underscoring ongoing military concerns in the western territories. They also received notification of the peaceful resolution of the Massachusetts-New York land dispute.

      April 25, 1787 – Wednesday – North Carolina Protest Against Indian Treaties

      • Congress received a protest from North Carolina against federal treaties with Native American tribes, reflecting the tension between state and federal authority over Indian affairs.

      April 27, 1787 – Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Once again, Congress failed to achieve quorum, halting further action.

      May 1787

      May 1, 1787 – Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • The difficulty of maintaining quorum persisted, further delaying important decisions.

      May 2, 1787 – Wednesday – Surplus Continental Arms

      • Congress authorized the sale of surplus Continental arms, a measure to raise funds and reduce unnecessary military stores.

      May 3, 1787 – Thursday – British Consul Phineas Bond

      • Congress received Phineas Bond, the British consul, reflecting ongoing diplomatic relations with Britain despite unresolved tensions from the Revolutionary War.

      May 7, 1787 – Monday – Departmental Accounts

      • Congress appointed commissioners to settle the accounts of the various departments, continuing efforts to resolve outstanding financial matters.

      May 8-10, 1787 – Tuesday-Thursday – Debates and Northwest Ordinance

      • Congress debated proposals concerning interstate commercial conventions and the Northwest Ordinance, laying the groundwork for the organization and governance of new territories.

      May 11, 1787 – Friday – Mississippi Negotiations with Spain

      • Congress debated the negotiations with Spain concerning the navigation of the Mississippi River, a vital issue for western expansion and trade.

      May 12-31, 1787 – Saturday-Thursday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Despite the importance of the issues at hand, Congress failed to achieve quorum for the rest of May, stalling progress on critical matters like the Northwest Ordinance.

      June 1-29, 1787 – Friday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • The quorum issues continued into June, with Congress unable to gather enough delegates to proceed with its legislative agenda.

      July 2-3, 1787 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress was unable to achieve a quorum during the first few days of July, a continuation of the struggles that had plagued its sessions for much of the year.

      July 1787

      July 4, 1787 – Wednesday – Achieves Quorum; Elects William Grayson Chairman

      • On Independence Day, Congress achieved quorum and elected William Grayson as chairman in the absence of President Arthur St. Clair. They also received a report concerning negotiations with Spain.

      July 5, 1787 – Thursday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress quickly reverted to its earlier issues, failing to maintain quorum the day after Independence Day.

      July 10, 1787 – Tuesday – Receives Report on Western Lands

      • A report was received on the sale of western lands to various land companies, an important issue for the expansion and financial stability of the fledgling United States.

      July 11, 1787 – Wednesday – Reads the Northwest Ordinance

      • Congress read the Northwest Ordinance, which laid out the process for governing the Northwest Territory. This document would prove to be one of the most significant pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation. Congress also received reports on the issuance of indents for Continental quotas and on hostilities with Native American tribes.

      July 13, 1787 – Friday – Adopts the Northwest Ordinance

      • Congress officially adopted the Northwest Ordinance, which provided a framework for the governance and eventual statehood of territories in the Northwest. This ordinance prohibited slavery in the new territories and set a precedent for westward expansion. It remains one of the most significant achievements of Congress under the Articles of Confederation.

      July 14, 1787 – Saturday – Orders Report on 1787 Requisition

      • Congress requested a report on the 1787 requisition, which was the mechanism for collecting funds from the states to support the national government.

      July 18, 1787 – Wednesday – Ratifies Commercial Treaty with Morocco

      • A commercial treaty with Morocco was ratified, expanding U.S. trade relationships with foreign nations. Congress also received a report concerning land claims made by southern Native American tribes.

      July 19-21, 1787 – Thursday-Saturday – Debates Indian Pacification

      • Congress spent several days debating measures to pacify Native American tribes in the southern and western regions of the United States, as hostilities with Indigenous peoples remained a pressing concern for national security and western expansion.

      July 20, 1787 – Friday – Instructions for John Adams

      • John Adams, the U.S. minister to Britain, was instructed to engage in a convention with Britain regarding violations of the treaty of peace that ended the Revolutionary War. These violations, particularly regarding British occupation of western forts, had continued to strain relations between the two nations.

      July 23, 1787 – Monday – Approves Commercial Agents to Morocco

      • Congress approved the appointments of commercial agents to Morocco, further solidifying trade relations with the North African state.

      July 25, 1787 – Wednesday – Debates Pacification of Western Indians

      • Congress debated further measures for the pacification of Native American tribes in the western territories, recognizing that peace with Indigenous peoples was essential for the nation's westward expansion and security.

      July 26, 1787 – Thursday – Postal Contracts and Foreign Loans

      • Congress authorized the Post Office to sign new postal contracts and received a report on foreign loans, indicating ongoing efforts to stabilize the nation’s finances and improve communication infrastructure.

      July 27, 1787 – Friday – Confederacy Against Barbary States

      • Congress ordered a report on forming "a Confederacy with the powers of Europe" to combat the threat posed by the Barbary States, who were notorious for their piracy and attacks on American shipping in the Mediterranean. They also instructed Thomas Jefferson on the consular convention with France.

      August 1787

      August 3, 1787 – Friday – Debates Southern Indian Affairs

      • Congress continued to debate matters related to southern Native American tribes, focusing on how to establish peaceful relations and prevent further conflict.

      August 6-8, 1787 – Monday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress again struggled to maintain quorum, halting progress on important matters.

      August 9, 1787 – Thursday – South Carolina Land Cession

      • Congress accepted South Carolina’s cession of land to the federal government, which was crucial for the organization and eventual sale of western lands. A report on northern Native American affairs was also received.

      August 10-31, 1787 – Friday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For the remainder of August, Congress again failed to achieve quorum, stalling progress on numerous legislative issues.

      September 1787

      September 3-19, 1787 – Monday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Continuing from August, Congress remained unable to achieve quorum for much of September, delaying any formal actions.

      September 20, 1787 – Thursday – Receives Report of Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

      • Congress received the final report from the Philadelphia Convention, which had drafted the new U.S. Constitution. This marked the beginning of the formal process of submitting the Constitution to the states for ratification.

      September 21, 1787 – Friday – Reelects Treasury Commissioners

      • Congress reelected Arthur Lee, Walter Livingston, and Samuel Osgood as treasury commissioners, a sign of continuity in the federal government’s financial oversight. They also reduced the civil list, cutting government expenditures.

      September 24, 1787 – Monday – Accepts John Adams' Retirement

      • Congress accepted the impending retirement of John Adams as U.S. minister to Britain, effective after February 24, 1788. They also received a report on protests from the Netherlands regarding U.S. diplomatic actions.

      September 26-27, 1787 – Wednesday-Thursday – Debates Constitution

      • Congress began formal debates on the Constitution submitted by the Philadelphia Convention, signaling the start of the ratification process.
      • The delegates were now faced with the prospect of either discarding, revising or sending the new constitution with no changes to the States for ratification. Critics of the Constitution wanted it transmitted to the state legislatures with an indication that the Convention had violated Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation and the congressional resolution of 21 February 1787.    

      ·       Supporters of the “Plan of The New Federal Government,”[i] such as Rufus King, James Madison, and Nathaniel Gorham, contended that Congress should approve the Constitution without alterations before submitting it to the state legislatures. They also recommended that the legislatures convene special conventions specifically to review and deliberate on the Constitution.

      • Richard Henry Lee proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution, on September 27, 1787, which were aimed to address concerns regarding individual liberties and the distribution of governmental power. He emphasized that the Constitution should include a Bill of Rights, explicitly safeguarding essential freedoms and ensuring a fair administration of justice.

      ·       Congress refused to debate the substance of Lee’s amendments and rejected his proposal. Nor were Lee’s motion and amendments even recorded in the Journals.

      September 28, 1787 – Friday – Submits Constitution to the States

      ·       On the 28th of September Congress reached a unanimous compromise.  The resolution, strongly shaped by George Washington's influence and preferences, fully adhered to the Convention's recommendation and was recorded in the Journals as follows:

      ·       “Congress having received the report of the Convention lately assembled in Philadelphia: Resolved Unanimously that the said Report with the resolutions and letter accompanying the same be transmitted to the several legislatures in Order to be submitted to a convention of Delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof in conformity to the resolves of the Convention made and provided in that case.”

      September 29, 1787 – Saturday – Report on John Paul Jones' Prize Money

      • Congress received a report on prize money earned by John Paul Jones, the famous naval commander, for his victories during the Revolutionary War. They also reviewed the requisition for 1787, continuing efforts to finance the government.

      October 1787

       
      October 2, 1787 – Tuesday – Report on Foreign Debt

      • Congress received a report detailing the status of the foreign debt owed by the United States, a pressing issue that continued to burden the nation’s finances.

      October 3, 1787 – Wednesday – Civil List and Military for Northwest Territory

      • Congress set the civil list and the military establishment for the newly organized Northwest Territory, ensuring that the region would have the necessary governance and defense.

      October 5, 1787 – Friday – Arthur St. Clair Elected Governor of Northwest Territory

      • Arthur St. Clair was elected governor of the Northwest Territory, while Winthrop Sargent was appointed as secretary. Congress also resolved to hold a treaty with the western Native American tribes to secure peace and stability in the region.

      October 8, 1787 – Monday – Massachusetts-New York Land Dispute

      • Congress terminated federal proceedings in the Massachusetts-New York land dispute, ending an ongoing conflict between the two states over territorial claims.

      October 11, 1787 – Thursday – Dutch Loan and John Paul Jones

      • Congress ratified John Adams' contract for a Dutch loan and authorized the use of indents for loan office interest in payment of Continental quotas. They also directed the payment of prize money received by John Paul Jones.

      October 12, 1787 – Friday – Ransom of Captives at Algiers

      • Congress authorized the payment of ransom for American captives held by Barbary pirates in Algiers, reflecting ongoing challenges with the Barbary States. Thomas Jefferson was reelected as minister to France.

      October 13, 1787 – Saturday – Arrest of Lt. John Sullivan

      • Congress ordered the arrest of Lt. John Sullivan for actions that jeopardized U.S. relations with Spain. They also debated Virginia's infringement of U.S. treaty obligations.

      October 15, 1787 – Monday – Postal Contracts

      • Postal contracts were authorized, ensuring continued communication infrastructure across the new nation.

      October 16, 1787 – Tuesday – Northwest Territory Judges

      • John Armstrong, Jr., Samuel Holden Parsons, and James Mitchell Varnum were elected as judges of the Northwest Territory. Congress also commended John Paul Jones for his naval service.

      October 17, 1787 – Wednesday – Sale of Carlisle Barracks

      • Congress authorized the sale of the Carlisle barracks, a military facility, to raise funds.

      October 18-19, 1787 – Thursday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Once again, quorum issues halted Congress’s progress.

      October 20, 1787 – Saturday – North Carolina and Georgia Land Cessions

      • Congress issued appeals for North Carolina and Georgia to cede western lands to the federal government. They also reduced postal rates to facilitate communication.

      October 21, 1787 – Sunday – Ohio Company Land Purchase

      • Congress authorized the sale of one million acres of land to the Ohio Company, which was a key step in encouraging settlement of the Northwest Territory.

      October 22, 1787 – Monday – Military Bounty Lands

      • Congress set aside lands for military bounties, providing land grants to soldiers in return for their service.

      October 26, 1787 – Friday – Indian Treaty Negotiations

      • Congress adopted instructions for holding negotiations with western Native American tribes, as the need for peaceful relations remained a priority.

      October 29-31, 1787 – Monday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Quorum issues again plagued Congress, preventing further legislative action.

      November 1-2, 1787 – Thursday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress continued to struggle to convene a quorum.

      November 5, 1787 – Monday – New Congress Assembles

      • A new Congress assembled, with only five delegates from two states represented. This new session failed to achieve quorum to convene as required by the Articles of Confederation.

      November 6-30, 1787 – Tuesday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For the remainder of November, Congress was unable to achieve quorum, effectively stalling government operations.

      December 3-31, 1787 – Monday-Monday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      ·      Congress failed to achieve quorum throughout December, marking the end of a challenging year in which quorum issues consistently hampered legislative progress.

      ·      December 7, 1787, Delaware ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      ·      December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      ·      December 18, 1787, New Jersey ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      [i] Smith, Robert a Philadelphia, issued a hastily typeset broadside dated September 17, with spelling and punctuation errors, titled " Plan for The New Federal Government" that included the text of the proposed new Constitution.  The printer, Robert Smith Jr., established himself in Philadelphia in 1783 (see Brown and Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, p.111). In February 1787, Smith launched the tri-weekly Evening Chronicle, which became a semi-weekly with the issue of 7 August (Brigham, 2:904). According to Brigham, Smith took on a partner, James Prange, and from November 1, the firm operated as Robert Smith and James Prange. This effectively narrows the possible date of the present edition to between 17 September and 1 November 1787. But it is a virtual certainty that Smith's edition was issued very close to 17 September. Logically, Smith would have gone to press with the historic document as soon as the new plan was available to be set in type. Even a week later, the new plan would have been cold, essentially unsaleable news to Philadelphians.


      USCA Journals – United States of America - 1788

      January 1788

      January 1-16, 1788 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • For the first half of January, Congress was unable to conduct business as it failed to meet the quorum requirements set by the Articles of Confederation. This period highlighted the ongoing difficulty of gathering enough representatives to carry out federal legislative duties.

      January 1-19, 1788 – Tuesday-Saturday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress struggled to convene a quorum at the start of the year, continuing a trend that had plagued the legislative body under the Articles of Confederation.
      • January 2, 1788 Georgia ratifies the Constitution of 1787
      • January 9, 1788 Connecticut ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      January 21, 1788 – Monday – Convenes Seven States Represented

      • Finally, after weeks of inactivity, Congress convened with representatives from seven states, allowing it to resume official business.
      Copyright Stan Klos 2008


       Cyrus Griffin, USCA President

      Eighth USCA: January 21, 1788


      January 22, 1788 – Tuesday – Elects Cyrus Griffin President

      • Cyrus Griffin was elected president of the Congress, succeeding Arthur St. Clair in the role.

      January 23-31, 1788 – Wednesday-Thursday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Despite the election of a new president, Congress again failed to maintain quorum for the remainder of January, halting progress on legislative matters.

      February 1788

      February 1, 1788 – Friday – Reviews Backlog of Reports

      • Congress began reviewing a backlog of reports and correspondence accumulated during the extended periods without quorum.

      February 5, 1788 – Tuesday – Receives Massachusetts-New York Boundary Report

      • Congress received a report on the survey of the boundary between Massachusetts and New York, a matter of ongoing territorial dispute between the two states.

      February 6-9, 1788 – Wednesday-Saturday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Once again, quorum was not maintained, stalling further legislative action.
      • February 6, 1788, Massachusetts ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      February 12, 1788 – Tuesday – Authorizes Issuance of Sea Letters

      • Congress authorized the Secretary for Foreign Affairs to issue sea letters, documents allowing American ships safe passage and recognition under international law.

      February 14, 1788 – Thursday – Sets Date for Reception of New French Minister

      • Congress scheduled a date to formally receive the new French minister, Comte de Moustier, signaling the ongoing importance of diplomatic relations with France.

      February 19, 1788 – Tuesday – Elects John Cleves Symmes Judge of Northwest Territory

      • John Cleves Symmes was elected as a judge for the Northwest Territory, part of the governance structure established by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

      February 25, 1788 – Monday – Debates Appointment of Superintendent of Indian Affairs

      • Congress engaged in a debate over the appointment of a superintendent for Indian affairs in the southern department, reflecting the ongoing need to manage relations with Native American tribes.

      February 26, 1788 – Tuesday – Audience for Comte de Moustier

      • Congress held a formal audience to welcome Comte de Moustier, the newly appointed French minister to the United States, furthering diplomatic ties with America's primary ally.

      February 28, 1788 – Thursday – Receives Treasury Report on Foreign Debt

      • A report from the Treasury was presented, outlining the state of the foreign debt owed by the United States, a continuing concern for the young nation's financial stability.

      February 29, 1788 – Friday – Appoints Chaplains and Superintendent of Indian Affairs

      • Samuel Provost and John Rodgers were appointed as chaplains of Congress. Richard Winn was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs for the southern department. Congress also debated a motion regarding Kentucky statehood.

      March 1788

      March 4, 1788 – Tuesday – Debates Kentucky Statehood

      • Congress began debating Kentucky’s petition for statehood in committee of the whole. This marked a significant moment as the expansion of the Union was considered.

      March 6, 1788 – Thursday – Receives Reports on Western Land Issues

      • Reports on the claims of French settlers in the Illinois country and surveys of western lands were presented, highlighting the complexity of land disputes and western expansion.

      March 10-11, 1788 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress was once again unable to achieve quorum, stalling further discussion on key issues.

      March 12, 1788 – Wednesday – Receives Report on Military Bounty Lands

      • Congress received a report on military bounty lands, which involved land grants promised to soldiers in exchange for their service during the Revolutionary War.

      March 18, 1788 – Tuesday – Communications on Indian Affairs

      • Congress received communications concerning ongoing Indian affairs, an issue that required careful management as the United States expanded into Native American territories.

      March 19-27, 1788 – Wednesday-Thursday – Debates Western Land Ordinance Amendment

      • Congress debated amendments to the Western Land Ordinance, focusing on how to manage and organize the vast western territories for settlement and statehood.

      April 30, 1788

      March 31-April 30, 1788 – Monday-Wednesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress again struggled to achieve quorum for the entire month of April, preventing any substantial progress on legislative matters.
      • April 28, 1788, Maryland ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      May 1788

      May 1, 1788 – Thursday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Quorum issues persisted into the beginning of May, continuing to delay important decisions.

      May 2, 1788 – Friday – Receives Treasury and War Office Reports

      • Congress received a Treasury report on a proposed Dutch loan, as well as three War Office reports on Indian affairs, emphasizing the ongoing fiscal and security concerns facing the government.

      May 5, 1788 – Monday – Receives Reports on Western Land Issues

      • Reports on various issues related to western lands were presented to Congress, continuing the focus on the organization and settlement of these territories.

      May 8, 1788 – Thursday – Elects Commissioners for Wartime Accounts

      • Congress elected Jonathan Burrall and Benjamin Walker as commissioners responsible for settling the accounts of the five wartime departments, ensuring that financial records from the Revolutionary War were properly reconciled.

      May 20, 1788 – Tuesday – Authorizes Fortnightly Posts

      • Congress authorized the establishment of a fortnightly postal service between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, an important step in improving communication across the growing nation.

      May 21, 1788 – Wednesday – Receives Treasury Report on Coinage

      • A Treasury report on coinage was presented, addressing the nation’s need for a stable and uniform currency.

      May 22, 1788 – Thursday – Orders Suits for Outstanding Continental Accounts

      • Congress directed the initiation of legal proceedings to collect outstanding accounts owed to the Continental government, an essential step in addressing the ongoing fiscal shortfall.
      • May 23, 1788, South Carolina ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      May 26, 1788 – Monday – Reports on Cherokee Treaty Violations

      • Congress received a report from the War Department on settlers violating the treaty rights of the Cherokee Nation, highlighting the tensions between settlers and Native American tribes in the southern territories.

      May 27-29, 1788 – Tuesday-Thursday – Debates Western Land Ordinance Amendment

      • Further debates occurred on amending the Western Land Ordinance, focusing on the administration and settlement of these vast territories.

      May 30, 1788 – Friday – Debates Kentucky Statehood

      • Congress resumed its debate on Kentucky statehood in committee of the whole.

      June 1788

      June 2, 1788 – Monday – Report Recommending Kentucky Statehood

      • The committee of the whole presented a report recommending the admission of Kentucky as a state.

      June 3, 1788 – Tuesday – Elects Grand Committee on Kentucky Statehood

      • A grand committee was elected to deliberate further on Kentucky's statehood petition, moving the issue closer to resolution.

       

      June 5, 1788 – Thursday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress was unable to maintain quorum once again, delaying progress on Kentucky’s statehood and other matters.

      June 6, 1788 – Friday – Survey of New York-Pennsylvania Boundary

      • Congress authorized a survey of the New York-Pennsylvania boundary, preparing for the possibility of granting Pennsylvania greater access to Lake Erie.

      June 9, 1788 – Monday – Orders Treasury to Submit Fiscal Estimates

      • The Treasury Department was directed to submit fiscal estimates for the 1788-1789 fiscal year, crucial for the budgeting process.

      June 12, 1788 – Thursday – Report on Illinois French Settlers

      • A report was presented regarding the land reserve for French settlers in the Illinois country, addressing their claims and integration into the broader territorial framework.

      June 13, 1788 – Friday – French Protest Virginia Harboring Pirate

      • Congress responded to a French protest concerning Virginia’s harboring of a French pirate, signaling ongoing diplomatic challenges.

      June 17, 1788 – Tuesday – Report on Manpower and Recruitment

      • The War Office submitted a report concerning manpower and recruitment, underscoring the ongoing need for defense personnel in the western territories.

      June 18, 1788 – Wednesday – Report Opposes State Inspection of Mails

      • A report opposing state inspection of the mails was received, defending the integrity of the federal postal system.

      June 19, 1788 – Thursday – Debates Western Land Ordinance Amendment

      • Further debates were held regarding amendments to the Western Land Ordinance.

      June 20, 1788 – Friday – Elects Joseph Martin Agent to the Cherokees

      • Joseph Martin was elected as the Continental agent to the Cherokee Nation, an important role in maintaining relations with Native American tribes in the South.
      • June 21, 1788, New Hampshire ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      June 24, 1788 – Tuesday – Extension for Continental Claims

      • Congress authorized a three-month extension for the submission of Continental claims, providing additional time for individuals and states to settle outstanding accounts.

      June 25, 1788 – Wednesday – Abolishes Inspector of Continental Troops

      • Congress abolished the office of inspector of Continental troops, signaling a reduction in the federal military establishment as tensions decreased.
      • June 25, 1788, Virginia ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      June 27, 1788 – Friday – Debates Georgia-Creek Indian Affairs

      • Congress debated a report on the tense situation between Georgia and the Creek Nation, highlighting ongoing conflicts in the southern territories.

      July 1788

      July 2, 1788 – Wednesday – Ratification of the U.S. Constitution and Debates Western Land Ordinance

      • Congress received notification of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution by New Hampshire, the ninth state to do so, effectively ensuring the new government framework would take effect. 
      • Congress resumed debates on the Western Land Ordinance

      July 3, 1788 – Thursday – Postpones Kentucky Statehood

      • In light of the new Constitution, Congress postponed further action on Kentucky statehood until the government established under the new Constitution could begin proceedings.

      July 7-8, 1788 – Monday-Tuesday – Debates Western Land Ordinance

      • Congress continued debating the Western Land Ordinance, working out the complexities of managing western expansion.

      July 9, 1788 – Wednesday – Refers Fiscal Estimates to Committee

      • Fiscal estimates were referred to a committee, and Congress adopted a “supplement” to the Western Land Ordinance, further refining the legislation guiding western settlement.

      July 14, 1788 – Monday – Debates Report on Implementing the Constitution

      • Congress began debating a report on how to implement the newly ratified Constitution, setting the stage for the transition to a stronger federal government.

      July 15, 1788 – Tuesday – Rejects Georgia Land Cession Terms

      • Congress rejected the terms of Georgia's land cession but accepted responsibility for defending the southwestern frontier.

      July 17, 1788 – Thursday – Resumes Western Land Surveys

      • Congress directed the resumption of western land surveys and rejected a proposed Virginia land reserve for military bounties.

      July 21, 1788 – Monday – Receives Report on Army Manpower Needs

      • A report was received detailing the manpower needs of the Continental Army, reflecting the ongoing requirement for a standing force.

      July 25, 1788 – Friday – Deploys Troops to Pacify Luzerne County, Pa.

      • Congress ordered the deployment of Continental troops to pacify Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, where unrest had broken out.

      July 28, 1788 – Monday – Debates Constitution Implementation

      • Congress resumed debate on the report concerning the implementation of the U.S. Constitution, including the establishment of the new government framework.
      • July 26, 1788, New York ratifies the Constitution of 1787

      July 30, 1788 – Wednesday – Rejects Capital in New York

      • A motion to establish the national capital in New York was rejected, with Congress still undecided on a permanent seat for the federal government.

      August 1788

      August 1, 1788 – Friday – Extends Term of Northern Superintendent of Indian Affairs

      • Congress extended the term of the northern superintendent of Indian affairs, highlighting the ongoing efforts to manage relations with Native American tribes in the northern territories.

      August 4, 1788 – Monday – Extends Term of Southern Superintendent of Indian Affairs

      • Similar to the northern office, the term of the southern superintendent of Indian affairs was also extended, reflecting the importance of maintaining diplomatic ties and managing conflicts with southern tribes.

      August 5-6, 1788 – Tuesday-Wednesday – Debates Motions on the Location of the Capital

      • Congress resumed debate on the issue of where the national capital should be located, a contentious topic that had significant political implications as different states and regions vied for this distinction.

      August 7, 1788 – Thursday – Debates Status of Delegates from States That Have Not Ratified the Constitution

      • Congress discussed the status of delegates from states that had yet to ratify the U.S. Constitution, raising questions about their role and participation in the legislative process under the new government framework.

      August 12, 1788 – Tuesday – Plans Mobilization of Frontier Militia Against Western Indians

      • In response to ongoing conflicts, Congress planned the mobilization of frontier militia to defend against attacks from Western Indian tribes, underscoring the instability on the frontier.

      August 13, 1788 – Wednesday – Debates Report on Implementing the Constitution

      • Congress continued to debate the implementation of the U.S. Constitution, focusing on how to transition from the Articles of Confederation to the new constitutional government.

      August 20, 1788 – Wednesday – Adopts 1788 Requisition

      • Congress formally adopted the 1788 requisition, an annual call for funds from the states to support the operations of the federal government.

      August 26, 1788 – Tuesday – Debates Constitution Implementation; Seeks Spanish Cooperation for Apprehending Fugitive Slaves

      • While continuing to debate the implementation of the Constitution, Congress also sought Spanish cooperation in apprehending fugitive slaves fleeing to Spanish-controlled Florida, an early instance of diplomatic engagement regarding slavery.

      August 28, 1788 – Thursday – Revises George Morgan Associates Western Land Contract

      • Congress revised the western land contract with George Morgan and associates, a significant move in managing the sale and settlement of land in the western territories.

      August 29, 1788 – Friday – Confirms Land Titles of French Settlers in the Illinois Country

      • Congress confirmed the land titles of French settlers in the Illinois country, further formalizing the rights of those who had settled the western territories under French rule before the U.S. took control.

      September 1788

      September 1, 1788 – Monday – Condemns Settler Encroachments on Cherokee Lands

      • Congress issued a condemnation of settler encroachments on Cherokee lands, reflecting ongoing tensions between American settlers and Native American tribes over land rights.

      September 2, 1788 – Tuesday – Debates Constitution Implementation

      • Congress resumed debate on the implementation of the U.S. Constitution, continuing the critical work of transitioning to the new government framework.

      September 3, 1788 – Wednesday – Reserves Ohio Lands for Christian Delaware Indians; Rejects Capital at Annapolis

      • Congress reserved certain lands in Ohio for Christian Delaware Indians as part of its policies towards Native American tribes. Additionally, a motion to establish the capital at Annapolis was rejected.

      September 4, 1788 – Thursday – Debates Constitution Implementation; Confirms Pennsylvania Land Contract

      • Congress continued to discuss how to implement the Constitution while confirming a land contract that gave Pennsylvania a large tract of land bordering Lake Erie.

      September 8, 1788 – Monday – Receives John Jay's Report on Mississippi Negotiations

      • John Jay, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, presented a report on the ongoing negotiations with Spain concerning the Mississippi River, a critical issue for western settlement and trade.

      September 13, 1788 – Saturday – Adopts Plan for Implementing the Constitution

      • Congress officially adopted a plan for implementing the U.S. Constitution, setting the stage for the transition to the new government.
      • “Whereas the Convention assembled in Philadelphia pursuant to the resolution of Congress of the 21st of Feby 1787 did on the 17th of Sept in the same year report to the United States in Congress assembled a constitution for the people of the United States, Whereupon Congress on the 28 of the same Sept did resolve unanimously " That the said report with the resolutions & letter accompanying the same be transmitted to the several legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of Delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof in conformity to the resolves of the convention made and provided in that case " And whereas the constitution so reported by the Convention and by Congress transmitted to the several legislatures has been ratified in the manner therein declared to be sufficient for the establishment of the same and such ratifications duly authenticated have been received by Congress and are filed in the Office of the Secretary therefore Resolved That the first Wednesday in Jany next be the day for appointing Electors in the several states, which before the said day shall have ratified the said Constitution; that the first Wednesday in feby next be the day for the electors to assemble in their respective states and vote for a president; And that the first Wednesday in March next be the time and the present seat of Congress the place for commencing proceedings under the said constitution”

      September 16, 1788 – Tuesday – Recommends States Ban Importation of Felons

      • Congress recommended that states ban the importation of convicted felons as part of efforts to regulate immigration and maintain public order.

      September 18-29, 1788 – Thursday-Monday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress repeatedly failed to achieve a quorum during this period, hampering its ability to conduct official business.

      September 30, 1788 – Tuesday – Receives Treasury Department Inquiry Report

      • Congress received a report on an inquiry into the Treasury Department, reflecting ongoing efforts to maintain oversight of federal finances.

      October 1788

      October 1, 1788 – Wednesday – Rejects Silas Deane Settlement of Beaumarchais' Accounts

      • Congress rejected a proposed settlement of the accounts of Silas Deane with Beaumarchais, a French arms supplier during the Revolutionary War, citing concerns over the financial arrangements.

      October 2, 1788 – Thursday – Receives Report on War Department Inquiry

      • A report on an inquiry into the War Department was received, underscoring the need for accountability in military expenditures and operations.

      On Monday, October 6th, 1788, the USCA vacated the colonial city hall and six States assembled in the Department of Foreign Affairs former offices at 95 Broadway.  The USCA Journals report: 

      October 6-7, 1788 – Monday-Tuesday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • Congress again failed to achieve quorum, delaying further legislative action.

      October 8, 1788 – Wednesday – Communications on Indian Relations in Western Territory

      • Congress received communications regarding ongoing issues with Native American relations in the western territories, which were critical as settlers continued to push westward.

      October 10, 1788 – Friday – Suspends Work of Commissioners on Continental Accounts; Final Session Under Articles of Confederation

      • Congress suspended the work of the commissioners tasked with settling state Continental accounts, and adjourned what would become the final session under the Articles of Confederation, marking the end of an era.

      October 13-31, 1788 – Monday-Friday – Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • From October 13 to the end of the month, Congress failed to achieve quorum, reflecting the challenges of the Articles of Confederation's decentralized system as the nation prepared to transition to the new Constitution.

      Ninth USCA: Fails to Achieve Quorum

      November 1788

      November 3, 1788 – Monday – New Congress Fails to Achieve Quorum

      • A new Congress attempted to convene as prescribed by the Articles of Confederation, but only two delegates, Benjamin Contee from Maryland and Hugh Williamson from North Carolina, attended, resulting in the failure to form a quorum.

      November 15, 1788 – Saturday – Cyrus Griffin Attends

      • Cyrus Griffin of Virginia attended, but a quorum was still not achieved, continuing the legislative deadlock.

      December 1788

      December 1, 1788 – Monday – John Dawson from Virginia Attends

      • John Dawson from Virginia attended Congress, joining the small number of delegates present, but quorum was still not achieved.

      December 6, 1788 – Saturday – Nicholas Eveleigh from South Carolina Attends

      • Nicholas Eveleigh from South Carolina joined the assembled delegates, but Congress remained unable to form a quorum.

      December 11, 1788 – Thursday – Jonathan Dayton from New Jersey Attends

      • Jonathan Dayton from New Jersey attended, but quorum continued to elude Congress, stalling any significant progress.

      December 15, 1788 – Monday – Thomas Tudor Tucker from South Carolina Attends

      • Thomas Tudor Tucker from South Carolina attended, but with too few delegates present, Congress again failed to achieve quorum.

      December 30, 1788 – Tuesday – Samuel A. Otis from Massachusetts Attends

      • Samuel A. Otis from Massachusetts joined the assembly, but Congress once again failed to achieve a quorum, closing out the year with little to no legislative activity.

       

      January 1789

      January 1, 1789 – Thursday – James R. Reid from Pennsylvania and Robert Barnwell from South Carolina Attend

      • James R. Reid from Pennsylvania and Robert Barnwell from South Carolina attended Congress, marking the continued attempt to keep Congress functional as the new Constitution was set to take effect.

      January 8, 1789 – Thursday – Mr. A. Clarke from New Jersey Attends

      • A. Clarke from New Jersey joined the assembly, but with the impending transition to the new government under the Constitution, the Continental Congress struggled to maintain quorum.

      January 10, 1789 – Saturday – Mr. T. Coxe from Pennsylvania Attends

      • T. Coxe from Pennsylvania attended, contributing to the diminishing activity of the Congress as it approached its final days under the Articles of Confederation.

      January 26, 1789 – Monday – Mr. Nathaniel Gorham from Massachusetts Attends

      • Nathaniel Gorham, a former President of Congress, joined the assembly, but with the impending shift to the new federal government, little significant business was conducted.

      January 29, 1789 – Thursday – Mr. George Thatcher from Massachusetts Attends

      • George Thatcher from Massachusetts attended, further attempting to maintain the appearance of a functioning Congress despite the dwindling numbers of delegates.

      February 1789
      February 6, 1789 – Friday – Mr. D. Ross from Maryland Attends

      • D. Ross from Maryland attended Congress, continuing the slow wind-down of the Confederation government.

      February 12, 1789 – Thursday – Mr. J. Gardner from Rhode Island Attends

      • J. Gardner from Rhode Island attended, but quorum was still not achieved as the Continental Congress neared the end of its existence.

      February 18, 1789 – Wednesday – Mr. D. Gelston from New York Attends

      • D. Gelston from New York joined Congress, with little official business taking place as attention increasingly shifted to the preparations for the new government under the Constitution.

      February 19, 1789 – Thursday – Mr. Nicholas Gilman from New Hampshire Attends

      • Nicholas Gilman from New Hampshire attended, but as the end of the Confederation period approached, the Congress remained largely inactive.

      March 1789

      March 2, 1789 – Monday – Mr. Philip Pell from New York Attends

      • Philip Pell from New York attended, marking one of the final days of activity for the Confederation Congress before the Constitution took full effect.

      March 3, 1789 – Tuesday – Articles of Confederation Expire

      • At sunset on March 3, 1789, a cannon was fired thirteen times from Federal Fort, opposite Bowling Green in New York, symbolizing the end of the Articles of Confederation. This was the last official day of the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA).
      • Charles Thomson, who had served as the Secretary of the Continental Congress and later the USCA for 15 years, concluded his service on this day. The Articles of Confederation formally expired, giving way to the new government framework established under the Constitution.

      March 4, 1789 – Wednesday – Constitution of 1787 Comes Into Effect

      • On March 4, 1789, the Constitution of the United States, drafted in 1787, officially took effect. A new era of American governance began, with the Articles of Confederation replaced by a stronger federal system under the Constitution.
      • Guns were fired eleven times in honor of the eleven states that had adopted the Constitution by this time. Rhode Island and North Carolina had not yet ratified the Constitution and were, for the moment, considered independent entities, akin to separate nations like England and France.

      July 25, 1789 – Saturday – Secretary Charles Thomson Delivers Papers to New Federal Government

      • On July 25, 1789, Secretary Charles Thomson formally delivered the papers and records of the Confederation Congress to the new federal government. This act marked the final administrative transition from the old Congress under the Articles of Confederation to the new constitutional government.

      This period marks the conclusion of the USCA under the Articles of Confederation and the historic transition to the U.S. Constitution, which brought about a new system of governance. The final months of the Confederation were characterized by dwindling participation and the anticipation of the new federal government. The ceremonial end on March 3, 1789, and the ushering in of the new government on March 4, 1789, symbolized the formal end of one era and the beginning of another in American history.

      • November 21, 1789, North Carolina ratifies the Constitution of 1787
      • May 29, 1790 Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution of 1787


       The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America 

      For students and teachers of U.S. history, this video features Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. Filmed in December 2015, this video is an informal recording by an audience member capturing a presentation attended by approximately 200 students, professors, and guests. To explore the full curriculum, [download it here]. 


      Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents 
      Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776


      Peyton Randolph
      September 5, 1774
      October 22, 1774
      Henry Middleton
      October 22, 1774
      October 26, 1774
      Peyton Randolph
      May 20, 1775
      May 24, 1775
      John Hancock
      May 25, 1775
      July 1, 1776

      Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
      George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783

      Continental Congress of the United States Presidents 
      July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781

      John Hancock
      July 2, 1776
      October 29, 1777
      Henry Laurens
      November 1, 1777
      December 9, 1778
      John Jay
      December 10, 1778
      September 28, 1779
      Samuel Huntington
      September 29, 1779
      February 28, 1781



      Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
      March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789

      Samuel Huntington
      March 1, 1781
      July 6, 1781
      Samuel Johnston
      July 10, 1781
      Declined Office
      Thomas McKean
      July 10, 1781
      November 4, 1781
      John Hanson
      November 5, 1781
      November 3, 1782
      Elias Boudinot
      November 4, 1782
      November 2, 1783
      Thomas Mifflin
      November 3, 1783
      June 3, 1784
      Richard Henry Lee
      November 30, 1784
      November 22, 1785
      John Hancock
      November 23, 1785
      June 5, 1786
      Nathaniel Gorham
      June 6, 1786
      February 1, 1787
      Arthur St. Clair
      February 2, 1787
      January 21, 1788
      Cyrus Griffin
      January 22, 1788
      January 21, 1789

      Articles of Confederation Congress
      United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions

      USCA
      Session Dates
      USCA Convene Date
      President(s)
      First
      03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781*
      03-02-1781
      Samuel Huntington & 
      Thomas McKean
      Second
      11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782
      11-05-1781
      John Hanson
      Third
      11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783
      11-04-1782
      Elias Boudinot
      Fourth
      11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784
      11-03-1783
      Thomas Mifflin
      Fifth
      11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785
      11-29-1784
      Richard Henry Lee
      Sixth
      11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786
      11-23-1785
      John Hancock & 
      Nathaniel Gorham
      Seventh
      11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787
      02-02-1787
      Arthur St. Clair
      Eighth
      11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788
      01-21-1788
      Cyrus Griffin
      Ninth
      11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789**
      None
      None

      * The Articles of Confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new  United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781.  The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.  

      ** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.


      Presidents of the United States of America
      1789 - Present

      POTUS - CLICK HERE

      United Colonies and States First Ladies
      1774 - Present

      FLOTUS - CLICK HERE



      Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America

      Philadelphia
      Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
      Philadelphia
      May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
      Baltimore
      Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
      Philadelphia
      March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
      Lancaster
      September 27, 1777
      York
      Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
      Philadelphia
      July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
      Princeton
      June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
      Annapolis
      Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
      Trenton
      Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
      New York City
      Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
      New York City
      October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
      New York City
      March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
      Philadelphia
      Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800       
      Washington DC
      November 17,1800 to Present

      Chart Comparing Presidential Powers - Click Here


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      Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals

      Naomi@Historic.us
      Stan@Historic.us
      Website: www.Historic.us

      Edited: Open AI. (2024). ChatGPT [Large language model] - https://chatgpt.com 

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